Crohn’s disease can interfere with the normal function of the bowel in a number of ways. The bowel tissue may:

• Swell, thicken, or form scar tissue, which can lead to blockage of the passageway inside the bowel
• Develop ulcers that can involve the deep layers of the bowel wall
• Lose its ability to absorb nutrients from digested foods (malabsorption)
• Develop abnormal passageways (fistulas) from one part of the bowel to another part of the bowel, or from the bowel to nearby tissues such as the bladder or vagina, or even the skin.
  

The symptoms of Crohn’s disease depend on where in the bowel the disease occurs and how severe it is. In general, symptoms can include:

• Chronic diarrhea
  
• Bleeding from the rectum
• Weight loss
• Fever
• Pain and tenderness in the abdomen (often on the right side of the lower abdomen)
• Feeling of a mass or fullness in the lower right abdomen
  
• Delayed development and stunted growth (in children)
  

The cause of Crohn’s disease is unknown. It is believed that many factors cause an abnormal response of the immune system in the gastrointestinal tract.

Genetics (heredity) has been found to play a role in the disease process. First-degree relatives (mother, father, sister, or brother) of patients with IBD are about three to 20 times more likely to develop the disease than the general population. Having a sibling with Crohn’s disease can increase the risk of having the disease by 30 times compared with the general population. Children who have one parent with Crohn’s disease, and Jewish people of European descent, also have a greater risk of developing the disease.

A number of tests are used to diagnose Crohn’s disease. First, your doctor will review your medical history. This information is helpful because Crohn’s disease is more common in people who have a first-degree relative with IBD. After the physical examination is complete, the doctor may order the following tests:

• Endoscopy (such as colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy): A flexible, lighted tube (called an endoscope) is inserted into the rectum to view the inside of the rectum and colon. (Colonoscopy shows a greater portion of the colon than sigmoidoscopy). A small sample of tissue may also be taken for testing (biopsy).
  
• Blood tests: The doctor will look for signs of anemia, or a high white blood cell count, which will mean that there is inflammation or an infection somewhere in the body.
  
• Barium X-ray (barium enema or small bowel series): X-rays are taken of either the upper or lower intestine. Barium coats the lining of the small intestine and colon, and shows up as white on an X-ray, which allows the doctor to see any abnormalities.
• CT scan: X-ray of the abdomen that shows how widespread the inflammation is, and how severe it is. It also identifies lesions in other organs.
  

Treatment for Crohn’s disease depends on how severe the disease is, and where it is located. Because the disease can sometimes go into remission on its own, it is not always possible to determine whether a specific treatment has been effective. When Crohn’s disease is active, treatment is aimed at controlling inflammation, correcting shortages in the patient’s diet, and relieving symptoms such as pain, diarrhea, and fever.

Medications are generally the first step in treating Crohn’s disease. Some of these medications include anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, corticosteroids, antidiarrheals, and medications that suppress the immune system. For those patients who have nutritional shortages, supplements are often prescribed.

Even though it cannot cure Crohn’s disease, surgery is sometimes needed for patients whose symptoms do not respond to medications. Surgery can correct perforations (holes), blockages, or bleeding in the intestine. Unfortunately, Crohn’s disease often returns to the area next to where the inflamed part was removed. You should discuss with your doctor all possible options before deciding upon surgery.

In managing Crohn’s disease, it is very important to maintain a healthy lifestyle, even when the disease goes into remission for long periods of time. You can do this by exercising regularly and eating a healthy diet. If you smoke, quitting can also help prevent symptoms from coming back. Studies have shown that smokers are at a higher risk of developing Crohn’s disease than non-smokers, and that smokers with Crohn’s disease tend to have a more severe course than non-smokers with Crohn’s disease.

People with Crohn’s disease are usually able to lead healthy and active lifestyles. Like many other disorders, understanding and education is the most important tool with which to manage and prevent complications.